# Divisiones Aristoteleae τὸ τέλος τῶν πραγμάτων — αἱ αἰτίαι.-2

Aristotle, Divisiones Aristoteleae, Book A. Ancient Greek.

Canonical: https://interlinea.aeterna-institute.org/library/greek/aristotle/divisiones-aristoteleae/%CF%84%E1%BD%B8%20%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%20%CF%84%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD%20%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%20%E2%80%94%20%CE%B1%E1%BC%B1%20%CE%B1%E1%BC%B0%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%B9.-2

ἕκαστον τῶν ὄντων ἀποτελεῖται διὰ τέσσαρας αἰτίας· ἢ γὰρ διὰ [τὸ περὶ χρηστὴν ὑπάρχειν ἀπρόσδεκτον] τύχην ἢ δι’ ἐπιστήμην ἢ διὰ φύσιν ἢ διὰ βίαν καὶ ἀνάγκην. τὰ μὲν διὰ τύχην ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου καὶ ἄνευ προνοίας ἀποτελούμενον, τὰ δὲ δι’ ἐπιστήμην αἵ τε οἰκίαι καὶ αἱ νῆες καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, τὰ δὲ διὰ φύσιν, οἷον οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τὰ δένδρα καὶ τὰ ζῷα πάντα, διὰ δὲ βίαν καὶ ἀνάγκην, οἷον αἱ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων δαμάσεις καὶ αἱ κρατήσεις καὶ δεσποτεῖαι καὶ τυραννίδες καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.

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Aristotle, Divisiones Aristoteleae, ed. Hermann Mutschmann. Text: The Greek Library, from the Perseus Digital Library and other open sources, CC BY-SA 4.0. Changes: apostrophes normalised and the text divided into reading sections by Interlinea.
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Source: https://thegreeklibrary.pages.lisn.upsaclay.fr/works/tlg0086.tlg048.local001/.