Latin
Lines 1.6-1.12
Greek and Roman Historians, The Hellenistic World 1.6-12
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3) Finally, in Macedon there ruled the Antigonid dynasty. It had the difficult task of trying to maintain hegemony over the old Greek city states of the mainland. These city states continued to be as jealous of their autonomy as they had been in the Classical period. Macedon entered into variance alliances, but crucial to Macedonian control of Greece were their garrisons in three towns which kept open the invasion route from Macedon into southern Greece: Demetrias in Thrace, Chalcis on the island of Euboea and the Acrocorinth (the citadel of Corinth in Arcadia) -and at Pireaus. These garrisons were known by the opponents of Macedon as the "three fetters" of Greece. Macedon was destroyed by Rome in a series of three wars in the early 2nd century B. C.
In addition to these three major kingdoms, the kingdom of Pergamum arose in western Asia Minor in the mid-third century B. C.. There a dynasty arose that was at first subordinate to the Seleucids but later gained its independence. It is called "Attalid" after the first member of the family to claim the title "king" and ruled from the city of Pergamum. In addition to Pergamem, other independent kingdoms flourished in Asia Minor during the 2nd century B. C.: Cappadocia, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, and Armenia.
In old Greece, certain of the Greek communities retained a precarious independence:
The Aetolian League, (north of Gulf of Corinth) a federal grouping made up of the northern and central mainland States.
The Achaean League, (Peloponnesus) a federal grouping made up of the Peloponnesian States.
Sparta, independent, challenged the Achaean League.
Athens, �Not a strong power, but a cultural center.