1.49 to 1.57

*perigrinus -anyone not a Roman citizen and therefore not entitled, normally, to the benefits of the ius civile . pignus -a pledge by which a creditor obtained possession of property. Ownership remained with the debtor, but the creditor had certain rights upon default. **quaestiones perpetuae -permanent criminal courts, each dealing with one class of offense. The basic system was established by a series of laws under Sulla's dictatorship in 81 B. C. **relegatio -exile for a fixed period or in perpetuity, but without loss of citizenship of confiscation of property. **res mancipi -property subject to transfer by mancipatio (i. e. ,land subject to Roman ownership, slaves, beasts of draft and burden, and rustic servitudes belonging to land subject to Roman ownership). All other property is res nec mancipi and can be transferred by mere traditio . **stipulatio -an enforceable verbal contract created by simple question ("Do you promise to pay me 10,000 sesterces?") and answer ("I promise.") . No witnesses or writing are required, but both were customary. The normal action on a stipulatio was a condictio . *sui iuris -a person who is not in the power of another. A person is in another’s power (alieni iuris )if he or she is in manu ,in mancipio ,or in patria potestate . All other persons are sui iuris and, if male, are patres familias . Persons sui iuris who were impubes (under age 14 for boys, 12 for girls) were subject to a tutor ,those who were minores (under age 25) were subject to a curator . **traditio -simple transfer of property, effective for acquiring ownership of all property except res mancipi. *tutor -guardian for independent children under the age of puberty (impubes )and for independent women of any age.