# All Four Rounds 1.33-61

Virginia Certamen Questions, All Four Rounds, Lines 1.33-1.61. Latin.

Canonical: https://interlinea.aeterna-institute.org/library/latin/virginia-certamen-questions/all-four-rounds/1.33

Bonus: What fourth type of gladiator fought with a sword a, visored helmet, and oblong shield? SAMNITE
12) Toss-Up: What is the Latin phrase which reflects the frailty of man but the endurance of art, his creations? ARS LONGA, VITA BREVIS
Bonus: This phrase was attributed to Hippocrates, better known for his oath for what profession? DOCTORS
13) Toss-Up: The pay for a Roman soldier was called a salarium , which is related to the Latin word for what substance? SALT
Bonus: Why was salt important for a Roman soldier? USED AS CURRENCY or COULD PRESERVE MEAT or SEASONING, etc.
14) Toss-Up: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase terra firma ? SOLID EARTH or GROUND (AS OPPOSED TO SEA)
Bonus: What about terra incognita ? UNKNOWN TERRITORY or FIRST TIME EXPERIENCE
15) Toss-Up: The "Pillars of Hercules" marks what geographical body of water? STRAITS OF GIBRALTAR
Bonus: What mythological monsters makes the Straits of Messina between Italy and Sicily a dangerous place? SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS
16) Toss-Up: Complete the following analogy - Ulysses : Odysseus :: : Persephone. PROSERPINA
Bonus: What did the Romans call Asclepius, the god of medicine? AESCULAPIUS
17) Toss-Up: What Latin term, originally restricted to meat, came to be used as a general term for a market containing shops and stalls? MACELLUM
Bonus: What emperor built a huge, semi-circular market place in Rome, along with his forum containing libraries and a column? TRAJAN
18) Toss-Up: By what river did the gods swear oaths? STYX
Bonus: How many times did the Styx flow around Hades? NINE
19) Toss-Up: Given the adjective timidus , timida , timidum meaning "fearful," what would be the adverb and an English translation? TIMIDE - "FEARFULLY"
Bonus: Given the adjective clemens (genitive clementis) meaning "merciful," what would be he adverb and appropriate translation? CLEMENTER - "MERCIFULLY"
20) Toss-Up: What year was called the "year of the four emperors"? AD 69
Bonus: What dynasties ruled directly before and after that tumultuous year? JULIO-CLAUDIAN and FLAVIAN
*Please send scorekeeper to C201 with the scores and instruct the teams in your room to stay in the area assigned to their level and await repitting.

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Virginia Certamen Questions, All Four Rounds. Text: The Latin Library (thelatinlibrary.com), used with permission. Changes: HTML markup removed and the text divided into reading sections by Interlinea.
License: Used with permission (https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/about.html). Source: https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/certamen/chan96.1.html.