Greek pronoun
ὅς
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ
ὅς is a Greek pronoun. In the 15 analysed lines it was read in, it means “which” (8 times), “who” (3 times), “he” (once) and “of which” (once).
In the texts
Each line as the reader shows it: every word in its case colour with its meaning underneath, and arcs from ὅς to the words it goes with.
ὃ γέγονεν ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων·
What has come into being in him was life, and the life was the light of humanity.
ὃ: subject of γέγονεν.
ἔδοξε δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐκείνῳ τὴν νίκην ἀπονεῖμαι, ὃς ἂν αὐτῶν ἄνθρωπον ὁδοιπόρον ἐκδύσῃ.
It seemed good to them to assign the victory to him, whichever of them should strip a traveling man.
ὃς: subject of ἐκδύσῃ.
Ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον ἔπερσεν·
Tell me, O Muse, of the much-traveled man, who wandered very much, after he sacked the sacred citadel of Troy.
ὃς: subject of πλάγχθη.
Κῦρον δὲ μεταπέμπεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἧς αὐτὸν σατράπην ἐποίησε, καὶ στρατηγὸν δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε πάντων ὅσοι ἐς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζονται.
But he sends for Cyrus from the province of which he had made him satrap, and he also appointed him general of all who were gathering into the plain of Castolus.
ἧς: tells how, where or when about ἐποίησε.
μάλιστα δὲ αὐτῶν ἓν ἐθαύμασα τῶν πολλῶν ὧν ἐψεύσαντο, τοῦτο ἐν ᾧ ἔλεγον ὡς χρῆν ὑμᾶς εὐλαβεῖσθαι…
But most of all I marveled at one of their many lies, this one in which they said that it was necessary for you to be wary lest you be deceived by me, as though I were skilled in speaking.
ὧν: object of ἐψεύσαντο.
…ἰσδάνει καὶ πλάσιον ἆδυ φωνείσας ὐπακούει καὶ γελαίσας ἰμέροεν, τό μ’ ἦ μὰν καρδίαν ἐν στήθεσιν ἐπτόαισεν
That man seems to me to be equal to the gods, whoever sits facing you and listens close by to you speaking sweetly and laughing charmingly, which truly set the heart in my breast fluttering.
τό: subject of ἐπτόαισεν.
…πεσεῖν ποτε τμηθεῖσα πεύκη, μηδ’ ἐρετμῶσαι χέρας ἀνδρῶν ἀρίστων, οἳ τὸ πάγχρυσον δέρας Πελίᾳ μετῆλθον
Would that the hull of the Argo had never flown through to the land of the Colchians past the Dark Clashing Rocks, and that the pine tree, having been cut, had never fallen on the slopes of Pelion, nor fashioned oars for the hands of the best men who pursued the all-golden fleece for Pelias.
οἳ: subject of μετῆλθον.
…εὑρεῖν διὰ χρόνου πλῆθος ἀδύνατα ἦν, ἐκ δὲ τεκμηρίων ὧν ἐπὶ μακρότατον σκοποῦντί μοι πιστεῦσαι ξυμβαίνει οὐ μεγάλα νομίζω…
For it was impossible to find out clearly the events before them and even older ones due to the great amount of time; but from the evidence which it is possible for me to trust after observing it at length, I consider that neither great things happened regarding the wars nor in other matters.
ὧν: indirect object of πιστεῦσαι, to or for whom it is done.
Forms
Every form of the word in these texts, with what it is.
| Form | Grammar | Read |
|---|---|---|
| οἳ | Nominative · Plural · Masculine | 2 |
| ὃς | Nominative · Singular · Masculine | 2 |
| ὧν | Genitive · Plural · Neuter | 2 |
| ἣ | Nominative · Singular · Feminine | 1 |
| ἣν | Accusative · Singular · Feminine | 1 |
| ἧς | Genitive · Singular · Feminine | 1 |
| ὅ | Nominative · Singular · Masculine | 1 |
| ὅ | Nominative · Singular · Neuter | 1 |
| ὃ | Nominative · Singular · Neuter | 1 |
| οὗ | Genitive · Singular · Masculine | 1 |
| οὗ | Genitive · Singular · Neuter | 1 |
| τό | Nominative · Singular · Neuter | 1 |
| ᾧ | Dative · Singular · Neuter | 1 |
| ὧν | Genitive · Plural · Masculine | 1 |
Words it goes with
Joined to ὅς by an arc in these lines, most often first.
Grammar
- About the nominativeThe Greek nominative names the subject and the word that renames it after εἰμί. How to spot it, and how the article helps, with lines from John and Aesop.
- About the genitiveThe Greek genitive covers “of” and “from”: possession, the whole a part belongs to, prepositions and the genitive absolute. Real lines from John and Aesop.
- About the accusativeThe Greek accusative marks the direct object, motion towards after εἰς and πρός, and the subject of an infinitive. Real lines from Homer, Aesop and John.
- About the dativeThe Greek dative marks to whom or for whom, and also by what means and where. Its uses and endings, with real lines from Aesop, John and Homer.