Greek determiner and pronoun
ὁ
ὁ, ἡ, τό
ὁ is a Greek determiner and pronoun. In the 34 analysed lines it was read in, it means “the” (53 times), “of the” (10 times), “the things” (3 times) and “the one” (2 times).
In the texts
Each line as the reader shows it: every word in its case colour with its meaning underneath, and arcs from ὁ to the words it goes with.
αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσιν ἀφείλετο νόστιμον ἦμαρ.
But he took away their day of return.
ὁ: subject of ἀφείλετο.
Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
ὁ: points out λόγος.
Ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, οὐκ οἶδα·
What you, O men of Athens, have suffered from my accusers, I do not know.
τῶν: points out κατηγόρων.
ἔδοξε δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐκείνῳ τὴν νίκην ἀπονεῖμαι, ὃς ἂν αὐτῶν ἄνθρωπον ὁδοιπόρον ἐκδύσῃ.
It seemed good to them to assign the victory to him, whichever of them should strip a traveling man.
τὴν: points out νίκην.
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετο τὼ παῖδε ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι.
When Dareius fell ill and suspected the end of his life, he wished both his children to be present.
τοῦ: points out βίου.
Οὕτω καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἔνιοι, τῶν πραγμάτων ἐφικέσθαι μὴ δυνάμενοι δι’ ἀσθένειαν, τοὺς καιροὺς αἰτιῶνται.
Thus also some of humankind, not being able to attain their goals due to weakness, blame circumstances.
τῶν: points out ἀνθρώπων.
…ποτε τμηθεῖσα πεύκη, μηδ’ ἐρετμῶσαι χέρας ἀνδρῶν ἀρίστων, οἳ τὸ πάγχρυσον δέρας Πελίᾳ μετῆλθον
Would that the hull of the Argo had never flown through to the land of the Colchians past the Dark Clashing Rocks, and that the pine tree, having been cut, had never fallen on the slopes of Pelion, nor fashioned oars for the hands of the best men who pursued the all-golden fleece for Pelias.
τὸ: points out δέρας.
Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε, ὡς μήτε τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε ἔργα…
This is the publication of the history of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, in order that neither the things that came into being from humans may become faded by time, nor great and wondrous deeds, some by Greeks and some by barbarians, may become inglorious, and also (to explain) the other things and for what reason they waged war against one another.
τὰ: points out γενόμενα.
Forms
Every form of the word in these texts, with what it is.
| Form | Grammar | Read |
|---|---|---|
| ὁ | Nominative · Singular · Masculine | 11 |
| τὸν | Accusative · Singular · Masculine | 8 |
| τῶν | Genitive · Plural · Masculine | 8 |
| τὸ | Nominative · Singular · Neuter | 7 |
| τὰ | Nominative · Plural · Neuter | 5 |
| τὴν | Accusative · Singular · Feminine | 5 |
| τοῦ | Genitive · Singular · Masculine | 5 |
| ἡ | Nominative · Singular · Feminine | 4 |
| τὰ | Accusative · Plural · Neuter | 4 |
| τῶν | Genitive · Plural · Neuter | 4 |
| τὸ | Accusative · Singular · Neuter | 3 |
| τῇ | Dative · Singular · Feminine | 2 |
| τῆς | Genitive · Singular · Feminine | 2 |
| τοὺς | Accusative · Plural · Masculine | 2 |
| τῷ | Dative · Singular · Masculine | 2 |
| τά | Accusative · Plural · Neuter | 1 |
| τοῖς | Dative · Plural · Masculine | 1 |
| τοῖσιν | Dative · Plural · Masculine | 1 |
| τὼ | Accusative · Dual · Masculine | 1 |
Words it goes with
Joined to ὁ by an arc in these lines, most often first.
Grammar
- About the nominativeThe Greek nominative names the subject and the word that renames it after εἰμί. How to spot it, and how the article helps, with lines from John and Aesop.
- About the accusativeThe Greek accusative marks the direct object, motion towards after εἰς and πρός, and the subject of an infinitive. Real lines from Homer, Aesop and John.
- About the genitiveThe Greek genitive covers “of” and “from”: possession, the whole a part belongs to, prepositions and the genitive absolute. Real lines from John and Aesop.
- About the dativeThe Greek dative marks to whom or for whom, and also by what means and where. Its uses and endings, with real lines from Aesop, John and Homer.
- About agreementHow Greek articles, adjectives and participles agree with their nouns in case, number and gender, and how the article frames a phrase, shown in real lines.
- About word orderWhy a Greek adjective can stand far from its noun, as in the Odyssey’s first line: the endings carry the grammar, so order is free for emphasis.