Latin pronoun and determiner
is
is, ea, id
is is a Latin pronoun and determiner. In the 9 analysed lines it was read in, it means “that” (2 times), “their” (2 times), “them” (2 times) and “him” (once).
In the texts
Each line as the reader shows it: every word in its case colour with its meaning underneath, and arcs from is to the words it goes with.
avus eius Acrisius appellabatur.
His grandfather was called Acrisius.
eius: goes with avus (“of …”).
Nonum Kal. Septembres hora fere septima mater mea indicat ei apparere nubem inusitata et magnitudine et specie.
On the ninth day before the Kalends of September, at about the seventh hour, my mother points out to him that a cloud of unusual size and appearance is appearing.
ei: indirect object of indicat, to or for whom it is done.
Tum, cum uxores ipse et populus suus non haberent, invitavit ad spectaculum ludorum vicinas urbi Romae nationes atque earum virgines rapuit.
Then, since he himself and his people had no wives, he invited to a spectacle of games the nations neighboring the city of Rome, and he seized their maidens.
earum: points out virgines.
Id cum libenter accepissem atque ab eo petere coepissem ne dubitaret ducere, tum ille ‘Faciam,’ inquit, ‘si mihi fidem quam postulo dederis.’
When I had gladly accepted that and had begun to beg it from him that he should not hesitate to lead, then he said, “I will do it, if you give me the trust that I ask for.”
eo: tells how, where or when about petere.
…a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos…
Of all these, the Belgians are the bravest, because they are furthest removed from the civilization and refinement of the province, and merchants least often travel to them and import those things which pertain to weakening their spirits, and they are nearest to the Germans, who live across the Rhine, with whom they continually wage war.
eos: object of the preposition ad; the phrase goes with commeant.
Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque ceteris remotis tenentem iurare iussit numquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore.
At the same time, he led me to the altar, at which he had decided to sacrifice, and commanded me, while holding it (the altar) and with the others removed, to swear that I would never be in friendship with the Romans.
eamque: object of tenentem.
…cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt
For this reason, the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in courage, because they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, since they either keep them from their own territory or themselves wage war in their territory.
eos: object of prohibent.
…ramis diffundebatur, credo quia recenti spiritu evecta, dein senescente eo destituta aut etiam pondere suo victa in latitudinem vanescebat…
For it was spread out into the height like the trunk raised very high on certain branches; I think it was borne up by fresh breath, then, the breath failing, left unsupported or even overcome by its own weight it vanished in breadth, white at times, at other times dirty and stained, as it had lifted up earth or ash.
eo: subject of senescente.
Forms
Every form of the word in these texts, with what it is.
| Form | Grammar | Read |
|---|---|---|
| eo | Ablative · Singular · Masculine | 2 |
| eos | Accusative · Plural · Masculine | 2 |
| ea | Accusative · Plural · Neuter | 1 |
| eamque | Accusative · Singular · Feminine | 1 |
| earum | Genitive · Plural · Feminine | 1 |
| ei | Dative · Singular · Masculine | 1 |
| eius | Genitive · Singular · Masculine | 1 |
| eorum | Genitive · Plural · Masculine | 1 |
| id | Accusative · Singular · Neuter | 1 |
Words it goes with
Joined to is by an arc in these lines, most often first.
Grammar
- About the ablativeThe Latin ablative says by what, with what, from where and in what respect. Its main uses and endings, with real lines from Caesar, Genesis and Eutropius.
- About the accusativeThe Latin accusative marks the direct object and follows prepositions of motion such as ad and in. Uses and endings, with real lines from Genesis and Eutropius.
- About the genitiveThe Latin genitive ties one noun to another, where English says “of” or adds ’s. Its uses and endings, with real lines from the story of Perseus and Genesis.
- About the dativeThe Latin dative marks the person something is given to, said to or done for. Its uses and endings, with real lines from Horace, Seneca and Catullus.
- About agreementHow Latin adjectives, pronouns and participles agree with their nouns in case, number and gender, and why that lets them stand apart. With real lines.
- About word orderWhy a Latin adjective can sit far from its noun: the endings carry the grammar, so writers order words for emphasis. Lines from Virgil, Cicero and Horace.